cryptolog_52-nsa

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COMSEC/SIGINT RELATIONS (U) .David G. Boak

A SOMEWHAT LARGER PROBLEM (IJ) J

CLASSIC CABLES (U)

MORE FAIRBANKS ON ENGLISH (U) Sydney Fairbanks

NSA-CROSTIC NO. 24 (U) D. H. W

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR (U)

BOOKBREAKER'S FORUM (U)

BUT, MR. BOAK, DID YOU EVER TRY

TO GET RID OF ONE IN A HURRY I (U) D. H. W

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THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS CODEWOIID MATERIAL

CLAS SI FIED B Y N SA/C S S M 123 2
R EV I EW O N 1 April 2009

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Published Monthly by PI, Techniques and Standards,
for the Personnel of Operations

VOL. VI, No. 4

APRIL 1979

PUBLISHER

WILLIAM LUTWINIAK

BOARD OF EDITORS

] (8555s)

Editor-in-Chief ...David H. Williams (3957s)

Collection [

Cryptanalysis [

Cryptolinguistics | | (598js)

Information Science [

Language [

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Machine Support

Mathematics

{5711s)

] (8161s)

(5084s)

(8518s)

Special Research Vera R. Filby (7119s)

Traffic Analysis Don Taurone (3573s)

P.L. 86-36

Production Manager Harry Goff (5236s)

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COMSEC/SIGINT Relations «>

David G. Boak,S

Last November, David Boak, Special
Assistant to the Deputy Director
for Communications Security, NSA,
presented an address on the status
of COMSEC today to the members of
the Communications Analysis Asso-
ciation, CRYPTOLOG is pleased to
be able to pass Mr, Boak*s observa-
tions on to a wider audience .

T he easiest way to describe COMSEC is
to say that it counters SIGINT. Our
job in S is to frustrate the SIGINT
professionals in hostile governments.
Another way of looking at COMSEC,
perhaps a more positive one, is to
answer the question, "What’s it for?" In a
nutshell, I think that what COMSEC is for is
to help the government achieve surprise. Now,
I don’t just mean the classical military tac-
tical and strategic surprise, although, of
course, that’s crucial — but technological and
diplomatic surprise as well.

-w- I believe that the SIGINT element of the
national intelligence community remains the
pre-eminent one. And the reason I do is that
SIGINT provides to our decision makers the
most timely, most authoritative, most accurate
(and often unique) information those decision
makers get about what th e other guy is going
to do before he does it. |

"...the good old KL-7, the only cipher
machine we have left that looks like a
cipher machine — the only one that’s
sexy at all."

the SIGINT world and some from other sources.
But, by and large, it was catch-as-catch-can.
We assumed the worst about that threat and did
the best we could to cope with it in an un-
structured way.

“t®*" But we began to realize that our COMSEC
assets were finite and that we had to allocate
the resources, people, and machinery, as well
as new developments, to optimize our position
against the threat. And the better we could
define it, the better we could get the right

systems to the places where we were hurting
the most. Therefore, we built an entire
division with a specific mission of determin-
ing what we’re up against, helping us assess
what that meant to us, helping with our
plans and our prioritizations. We could
then begin to allocate such assets as we had
on an educated basis.

| | There are a few examples where

we can demonstrate that a modest handful of
COMSEC devices saved tens of millions of dol-
lars in support of big operations, and some
dismal instances in which we can show that the
lack of COMSEC cost many lives. I suggest,
therefore, that it is an excellent investment.

(U) Now, let’s see what we’re up against in
trying to do that job.

The Threat . Until the early 1970s this
Agency had no coherent, comprehensive picture
of what COMSEC was qp against. We had frag-
mentary information. We got some of it from

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m » imiis

...and What To Do About It

" Examinations are formidable even to the best prepared , for the p.L. 8 6-3 6
greatest fool may ask more than the wisest man can answer . "

Charles Caleb Colton, 1780-1832

"Tell us your phobias , and we’ll tell you what you are afraid of."

Robert Benchley, 1889-1945

E mployee testing programs of one form or
another have always been a way of life,
but in the Age of Professionalization,
oral and written professional certifi-
cation examinations have become key factors in
career advancement. At NSA you can't become
certified unless you can pass written, and per-
haps oral, examinations. Unless you're certi-
fied your chances of promotion to the higher
grades are drastically reduced. For better or
worse, tests are used by management to promote
people to positions of greater responsibility
(and pay) .

Examinations that are fair, relevant,
and professionally prepared and administered
can be useful tools to help managers determine
whether candidates for professionalization
have the basic elements of knowledge required
for certification by NSA.

But what about those people who are un-
able to take examinations or give oral pre-
sentations because of legitimate irrational
fears (phobias)? Fear of test-taking and
speechmaking are common phobias, and isn't it
likely that the NSA population has some other-
wise functionally superior people who are
thrown into a deep panic and become truly dys-
functional even at the thought of having to
give a briefing or take an examination, par-
ticularly when the results will significantly
influence their career progress?

Most of us know people who have similar
fears (heights, flying in airplanes, for in-
stance), but they usually avoid the problem
by getting jobs where they aren't required to
confront their fear. NSA people who fear
tests have no such escape. Their job advance-
ment requires that they make a choice of sub-
mitting to tests or remain at a sub-profess-
ional level. Because of irrational, pervasive
fear (and not because of a lack of subject
knowledge or career potential), a number of

our coworkers will consistently fail oral and
written examinations. Even worse, some people
will flatly avoid situations which call for
oral or written exams. As a result, these
people reconcile themselves to remaining at
below-professional grade levels rather than
to be subjected to the unbearable (to them)
stress of test-taking. They hurt themselves,
but they also deprive the government of the
benefits of their full potential.

By now some readers may have become im-
patient with my deferential attitude toward
the phobic professional aspirant. After all,
didn't most of us have to go through the test-
ing process? Aren't nervousness and appre-
hension normal side effects of taking the
Professional Qualification Examination (PQE) ?
Am I not just leading up to a plea for special
privilege, test waivers, or some such other
gimmick which favors people who may be just
too lazy or timid to meet the general stand-
ards that all professionals have met?

Definitely not! I am attempting to high-
light the existence of a real problem at NSA,
and to offer some ways for our phobic co-
workers, with our help and encouragement, to
overcome their fears permanently. No waivers i
no special treatment, just an awareness on
our part (those of us who can take tests
without too much anxiety) that some people
do have overwhelming difficulty when con-
fronted by career-related tests; and an
understanding by the phobics among us (and
they usually know who they are, even if we
don't) that they can be permanently relieved
of their fears by a variety of proven methods.

To understand the problem let's look at
the phobic person. He is usually an other-
wise "normal" person who has such an irra-
tional fear of a thing or a situation that he
will go to almost any extreme to avoid it.

He cannot be cured by pleas, arguments, de-

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crees - If a test phobic is' forced

to submit to his performance

will >^^chBtraOteristically poor

and not Wiytt* ; measure of his knowledge. He
may manifest one or more 'symptoms of panic,
such as sweating, upset stomach, breathing
difficulties, disorientation, confusion,
flight, or avoidance (by just not showing
up). It's likely that the phobic person will
keep quiet about the problem to disguise the
true extent of his difficulty.

What can be done? Quite a bit, since in
the vast majority of cases the fear reaction
is simply learned behavior.* According to
behavior therapists the phobic person has the
irrational fear because it was "learned" at
some time in the past. By directly treating
the phobia symptoms they can be made to go
away when they are "unlearned."

Using special techniques the subject gradually
unlearns the phobia symptoms and is then free
to function normally, usually within a sur-
prisingly short time. Thankfully, phobia pa-
tients are not generally subjected to cold-
turkey "cures" like: "OK, everybody onto the

airplane," or "give us a 15-minute speech."

Behavior therapy for phobias really works.
Even people who feel that they will never* be
cured, find that they can usually unlearn the
problem symptoms and can then face the phobia
situation with confidence. Since the behavior
therapy approach to phobias makes no judgments
about the mental health of the subject, but
treats the phobia as essentially a bad habit,
phobic subjects who might otherwise have an
aversion to psychological and psychiatric
therapy need have no qualms about undergoing
simple behavior habit modification treatment.

Behavior modification therapy for phobias
does not require that the subject acquire an
insight into how or vhen the phobia began.
Treatment generally does not involve in-depth
analysis of inner forces, deeper psychological
problems, and the like. Therapy usually con-
sists of simple techniques which are designed
to unlearn the anxious behavior associated
with the phobia, and can involve procedures
called modeling and de sensitisation. Modeling {
assumes that the phobia may have been learned
from observing others who exhibited anxieties
in stress situations (perhaps how my friend
in the footnote helped to learn his fear of
flying). The unlearning process involves ob- 1
serving others while they display fearless-
ness in the threatening situation. Vesensi-
tization is a procedure which uses relaxation,
thought-stopping and other methods to system-
atically t educe sensitivity to the anxiety -
causing situation. During desensitization
sessions the subject visualizes various situ-
ations in his or her "anxiety hierarchy,"
which are typically imagined situations that
have progressively disturbing reactions.**

* A friend of mine has refused to fly ever
since an encounter with violent air turbu-
lence. He relates that while dodging flying
dishes he looked to the flight attendant for
some sign of strength and calm. He vividly
recalls that she appeared more terrified
than most others on the flight. The lesson
of the day was fear, and my friend learned
his lesson well. He has not flown since,
but perhaps after reading this article he
will have a go at some form of phobia-fix
and become a flying fool.

**Typical situations you might visualize if
you had test-taking fears might be: "You

hear about someone who has a test" (low anx-
iety); "You are in an important exam. The in-
structor announces that 15 minutes remain,
but you have an hour’s work left" (high anx-
iety) .

There are several methods available to
people who want to get a phobia problem re-
solved, particularly one which is associated
with NSA work situations like the PQE. These
include consulation with M72 clinical psycho-
logists, outside private therapists (no NSA
knowledge or involvement), or do-it-yourself
techniques. I'll examine each of these meth-
ods and give some idea of how to go about get-
ting assistance for yourself or advising some-
one you know on how to get help.

One way in which an NSA person can seek
professional assistance for a phobia is through
M72 Psychologi cal Services, j spoke with Dr.

l Ohief of M72, and his staff about
phobia treatment for NSA employees. They con-
firmed that they have encountered a broad
range of phobias among NSA people, and oc-
casionally, NSA family members (for example,
a family member has a fear of flying which
prevents the employee from accepting an
overseas assignment involving air travel) .

Although the M72 psychologists are pro-
hibited by statute from conducting long-term
therapy, they do hold a limited number of
sessions with the patient to determine that
the problem is a true simple phobia. After
diagnosing a phobia (rather than a more com-
plex problem of which the phobic symptoms are
only a smaller part), they will provide the
employee with a list of four or five private
practitioners who are known to be legitimate,
effective phobia therapists. The employee
selects his or her own professional and makes
private arrangements for treatment. Cost is
borne by the patient, generally with the finan-
cial assistance of major medical insurance
carriers. The Columbia Medical Plan reportedly
also has a program for treating phobias and
the M72 counselors can provide more specifics,
or CMP members can make arrangements on their
own.

Once the patient makes contact with a
therapist the treatment could involve indi-

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vidual or group sessions. For the more spe-
cific and common phobias treatment is often
short-term, and frequently successful.

The M72 staff stressed that they main-
tain anonymity and confidentiality for self-
referred phobia subjects, and there need be
no official NSA awareness of the transaction.
They pointed out that the Baltimore-Washington
area has an impressive array of top-rated
phobia therapists and that help is often
readily available and effective. For an
appointment with an M72 counselor call 5429s
or 6531b.

Another method of obtaining help is by
direct contact with a therapist, perhaps on
the basis or recommendations from friends or
a family physician. Costs vary and are the
direct result of patient-therapist discussion.
Medical insurance coverage should be checked
before beginning therapy to make sure of what
the insurance carrier will provide.

Those who prefer to arrange their own
therapy might be interested in the Johns Hop-
kins Behavioral Medicine Clinic in Baltimore,
which is a private clinic dealing in the treat-
ment of phobias. I spoke with the Clinical
Director, Dr. Bruce Masek, who gave me some
useful information on what would be involved
in obtaining treatment. The clinic treats
all major phobias, using behavior modifica-
tion. Patients are also given individually
prepared cassette tapes to take home and sup-
plement the formal desensitization sessions.
Visits cost $50 per hour, some of which may
be covered by major medical insurance (check
first) .

Dr. Masek suggests that interested pa-
tients first call the clinic (955-6111) to
discuss with a staff member the nature of
the phobia and to arrange for a visit to the
clinic.

Do-It-Yourself Phobia Fix-up . If you
have a common phobia which is either directly
or indirectly influencing your career you can
take personal control of the situation and
probably cure the phobia yourself. This can
be done with the help of inexpensive books
and cassette tapes which are broadly avail-
able. These materials are usually written
in simple, non-technical style and generally
use behavior modification techniques to en-
able the serious reader to systematically
break the phobia habit. These books and
tapes can be very effective aids to people
who are serious about breaking the hold of
a phobia on their lives. A short listing of
some typical books and cassettes is included
at the end of this article. If self- treatment
is for you, then you should check out these
inexpensive materials.

Test-Taking Strategy . Since tests have
become so important to NSA career advance-
ment, what can be done for the person who

doesn't necessarily have a phobia, but who
hasn't learned how to organize and make the
best use of time, strategy, briefing aids
and techniques, and the like, when taking
written or oral examinations? He or she
knows the test material, has no overwhelming
anxiety, but bogs down in the mechanics of
the test-taking procedures and does not play
the odds properly, or does not handle the
mechanics and style of an oral examination
in a convincing way.

The goal of testing is to assess the
knowledge or skill of the testee without
imposing arbitrary test-related barriers.

In the case of professionalization tests
which have a direct influence on the careers
of our employees, the Agency has a responsi-
bility to make the test procedures as neutral
and transparent as is possible. People
aren't supposed to be tested on their ability
to survive tests, but on their knowledge
of the material.

In 1974 the Women in NSA (WIN) organ-
ization conducted a lecture on How to Take
Exams, but it was oriented more toward the
general CQB and proficiency tests. Something
similar but on a more intensive scale needs
to be offered periodically for prospective
professionalization aspirants. Both written
and oral examinations should be covered in
the sessions, which could be available to
all who may want or need assistance.

Prospects for Change . As certified profes-
sionals, managers, and coworkers we should
satisfy ourselves that no arbitrary (even if
unintentional) test-related career roadblocks
are place in the way of any aspirants to pro-
fessional certification.

If out subordinates are failing or avoid-
ing tests or special work situations because
of irrational fear, it is our responsibility
to work with them to see that they resolve
the problem. The professionalization panels
should make it their business to know their
aspirants well enough to detect likely test-
avoiders, and get to them with the facts about
how to seek help.

It will be very difficult for us to deter-
mine exactly how many people are dodging or
consistently failing professionalization tests
because of irrational fear. Test fearers are
less then enthusiastic about publicly declar-
ing their fears,* and would also seem to be

One NSA person I talked with (a proven
excellent worker, but a test fearer) went
years before being able to successfully sur-
vive the PQE in his field. During these years
he downplayed his fear of tests because he
felt that management would interpret his
phobia as a general inability to function
under any stressful situation.

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generally disinclined to present themselves to
the NSA Medical Center fpr psychological coun-
seling. is further complicated

by the federal prohibition that government
agencies may hbt engage in extended civilian
medical or psychological therapy, since this
is legally and logically the province of the
private sector. Our military SCA associates
have have an even stronger reason to avoid
treatment for phobias. Many believe that if
they were to seek assistance for a phobia
their authorization for access to classified
material would be pulled immediately, on the
grounds that any contact with mental health
professionals connotes a potential security
risk.

If we are really to come to grips with
the issue, active measures can be taken on
behalf of our people, many of whom cannot
afford private therapy. One possible solution
could involve contracting for private practi-
tioners to come to faSA and present periodic
"How to Take Tests and Be Comfortable While
Doing It M sessions. Technically, behavior
modification is training (or more accurately,
retraining] and makes no judgments about the
psychological health of the subject. It could
follow that NSA- sponsored special retraining
sessions would be legal and ethical endeavors.

Another possibility would be for the NSA
Learned Associations (The Collection Associ-
ation, The Communications Analysis Association,
etc.) to sponsor and fund "How to Take Tests"
seminars conducted by qualified outside consul-
tants. These sessions could cover the mech-
anics of oral and written test- taking and test-
ing strategy, and could also offer, for those
who are interested, some basic information
about how to deal with the various forms of
test anxiety. At the least, a session en-
titled "How to Do Your Best in Professional-
ization Tests" has a better chance of getting
to the people who need it than for us to ex-
pect all of them to come forward and admit a
"phobia." Self-help books and tapes should
be made broadly available by the Profess ional-

SELF-HELP

ization Panels and Learning Centers. Remember,
most of the true phobics have long ago decid-
ed to accept their present position and grade
rather than face the anxiety of even visual-
izing themselves in the feared examination
situation. It’s up to us as friends (and man-
agers) to give them the support and help
they need to solve their own problems. Strict-
ly speaking, any employment procedures or
testing mechanisms that operate as "built-in
headwinds" to any class or group of people
(in this case, phobics) could be unlawful,
even if there was good intent or absence of
discriminatory intent on the part of the gov-
ernment. When you think about it, if just one
gifted person can be helped to overcome his
or her fears to the extent that our tests will
measure only ability and knowledge, we will
have done a good thing.

In his address to the Communications
Analysis Association on 10 May 1978, the Direc-
tor, VADM B.R. Inman, very candidly spoke
of his concern that the Professionalization
process might be in need of a more sympa-
thetic and less bureaucratic view by the
Agency.

I am struck that there is often
a very bureaucratic approach to pro-
fessionalization, and, demonstrating
my relative ignorance, I have a sense
that maybe the Agency as an organi-
zation doesn't do all it could to
facilitate that professionalization
process, to make it easier to help
put the things together that can help
you get through those hurdles. I be-
lieve there are clearly improvements
that can be made.

The Director’s comments, while not spe-
sificially addressed to professionalization
testing, nonetheless give us the support and
emphasis we need to size, attack, and solve
the problem of test fear at NSA.

Let’s get started.

MATERIALS

The following are typical of the broad range of self-improvement books and tapes available to help people with
irrational fears. I make no claims as to their effectiveness, but they are representative of what's available.
Nothing to Fear, Fraser Kent (Dell, $1.95). Explores various approaches which can be applied to self-cure of
phobias. Uses simple layman's language.

Fear: Learning to Cope, Albert G Forgione and Richard S. Surivit, with Daniel G. Page (Van Nostrand Reinhold,

$9.95). A specific guide for dealing with phobia, using all the modem therapeutic techniques. Considered an
easy-to-follow guide. These authors have developed a successful program for flight phobia.

Stop Running Soared ! Herbert Fensterheim and Jean Baer (Dell, $2.25). Oriented toward the do-it-yourselfer, with
step-by-step plans to overcome most fears. Includes a proven learning plan to help conquer fear of flying. Con-
tains instructions for preparing a personalized relaxation tape.

Kioking the Fear Habit, Manuel J. Smith (Bantam, $1.95). Written for the do-it-yourselfer. The author claims that
using his method of therapy can often lead to rapid conquering of chronic fears.

Phobia Free: How to Fight lour Feare, E. Ann Sutherland and Zalman Amit, with Andrew Weiner (Jove/HBJ, $1.95).
Phobia Free and Flying High,Neal H. Olshan with Julie Dreyer Wang (Condor, $2.25). Offers step-by-step procedures
to help the reader identify and eliminate phobias.

Casettes are available from Psychology Today Cassettes, P.O.Box 278, Pratt Station, Brooklyn, N.Y. 11205.

A free catalog is available and subjects include "Deep Relaxation" (#20040) and "Getting Rid of Your Fears"
(#20155), at $8.95 each. The latter tape is by Manuel Smith, author of Kioking the Fear Habit (above), and
reportedly explains how to cure phobias such as fear of flying, heights, taking tests, etc.

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more

Foitbonks on
English

Last Month CRYPTOLOG reprinted a 1958 editorial written
by Dr. Sydney Fairbanks when he was at the helm of the
NSA Technical Journal, on the subject of ESA English .

The response to this was sufficiently encouraging as to
warrant trying it again . Here* from the issues of January
and April 1958 y are two more of Dr . Fairbanks 9 comments
on this subject .

We promised last time to write a series of
notes on the grosser abuses of the language to
which the job exposes us. Our text for today
will be the curious locution "this type thing."
No one says,- we believe, "variety thing," or
"sort thing," and there is a natural bar
against saying "kind thing" (consider, for
instance, "i hate your kind letter."), so that
this cannot be a mere extension of a Milt
Gross idiom ("With your pie you want it a piece
cheese?") nor an offshoot of the sort of tele-
graphese that omits all connectives ("Refer-
ence your message") . We think the main culprit
is the technical writer.

An English epigram which is still going
the rounds — last seen in Missiles and Rockets
— defines an engineer as a man who says "a
coffee-containing cup" when he means "a cup
containing coffee." If, one may add, he
wishes to talk about a description of the
methods used in teaching the design of gad-
gets to be used on widgets, he will write
"a widget-type gadget design instruction
methods description." We have had the equi-
valent of this submitted to us for publication.
As for writing "widget-type gadget" rather than
"widget type of gadget," he does it every time.
It is, after all, not incorrect though a trifle
monotonous. And since he has little use for
hyphens, he writes "widget type gadget." From
this some illiterate soon concludes that
"type" means "type of," and the step to "this
type thing" is immediate. Since it is well
known that no error is stupid or vulgar enough
to guarantee that it will not become respectable!
we refrain from rending our garments. But we
submit that at this period English this type
writing is not appropriate to this sort
Journal .

And so to bed.

************************

No violent protests having been received,
we continue our remarks on how not to write
English. A sentence — suitably disguised, we
trust — in a recent contribution, runs some-
thing like: "The machine has the power of

selecting the ripe apples and throw away the
others." Most readers will conclude that the
typist forgot to type an "ing", and so what.

But our calling has made us so suspicious
that we are inclined to see in this a first
seeping into written English of something
that is rapidly becoming a standard collo-
quialism, Observe its history. The verb
"to go" has two functions in English — one
to express the future: "I am going to do

what he asks"; and another to express motion:
"Where are you going?" Another way of ex-
pressing the future is by using the continuous
present: "I am driving out there tomorrow."

Out of a horrid amalgam of these has grown up
the very common, but indefensible, "I am going
upstairs and take a nap," meaning "I am going
to go upstairs and take a nap" or "I am going
upstairs to take a nap" or even, "I am going
upstairs (this afternoon) and taking a nap."

But there is no use in trying to make a chart
of chaos.

Even though "I am take a nap" and "I am
going take a nap" are both very queer, it might
be possible to put a fence around the monster
and say, "This is something peculiar that
happens with the verb 'to go f ." But alas, the
spirit of the language is never more logical
than in extending its mistakes. If Momma is
going upstairs and take a nap, what is more
natural than that if Willie disturbs her she
is coming downstairs and beat his ears in, or
than she is running through her mail and throw
the advertisements in the trash, or taking a
bus downtown and buy a hat, or for that matter
joining the Navy and see the world.

A reader told us recently that on en-
countering our remarks about "this type thing"
he couldn't imagine what we were talking about;
never in his life had he heard anybody say
anything like that; but that in the next
twenty- four hours he had heard it four times.

In the same spirit we direct the attention
of our word-watchers to this new idiom that
is creeping into the language and poison our
intellects. There is no sense in temporizing
and let it get established. It...

Ugh!

April 79 * CRYPTO LOG * Page 13

UNCLASSIFIED

I

DOCID: 4036132 UNCLASSIFIED

April 79 * CRYPTOLOG * Page 14

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P.L. 86-36

To the Editor, CRYPTOLOG:

people, the cryptanalysts, appropriate pro-
gram managers, and so forth, are given the
rating of 1, where does that put the col-
lection personnel? Have we forgotten that
the person who gets the ball rolling, provides
the raw material for the finished product, the
person who takes the first step in the long,
long journey, is the person who performs the
most basic, and in some people* s opinion, the
most important part — the collector?

I would like both to support and state
my appreciation of Mr. Gurin*s article, "Let*s
Not Forget Our Cryptologic Mission/' which
appeared in the February issue of CRYPTO LOG.

I would like to point out an oversight I be-
lieve Mr. Gurin made, but first I must state
that I heartily agree with his remarks about
the ratio of jobs totally involved with the
Agency's basic mission to the ever-increasing
number of jobs which have only an indirect
impact on that mission. My particular COSC
(1640 series, Collection), according to the
most recent Quarterly Management Review, is
said to be near its authorized strength. But
we must really look behind those figures, and
see how many people who carry a 1640 series
COSC are actually involved in the collection
effort. If we are near our authorized
strength, why is it that so many collection
jobs are unfilled at many of our overseas
locations and in the ROFs (Remote Operating
Facilities) here at home? The job description
and grade span stated in the PMM shows that
a collector can go as high as a grade 12,
but in reality, I would be hard pressed to
find any grade 12s actually doing the col-
lection effort. This point is stressed be-
cause it underlines Mr. Gurin* s feeling that
we are getting away from our prime mission in
many areas.

The oversight I would like to mention
concerns Mr. Gurin *s numbering scheme as it
relates to the basic mission of the Agency.

If Mr. Gurin *s system is applied and the TA

Jack Ourin responds: \ | has caught

me dead to rights. What could be closer to
the basic mission than collection? In my own
defense, though, I should say that I was not
trying to provide an exhaustive list, just a
sample to illustrate the point. Perhaps what
I should have done would have been to visual-
ize how one would start all over again to
build a cryptologic agency, and list what
kinds of people would have to be hired. I
sure wouldn't have missed the collector.

To the Editor, CRYPTOLOG:

I'm sorry that the "Ask Art" column
you had in December's issue was a one-time
thing, because I have a problem and I need
HELP.

I'm trying to fill out all of those
forms you get when you're updating your
personal history statement for security
reinvestigation. One form. in the packet
calls for full maiden names for my mother
and my spouse. Mother is no problem, but,
as far as my spouse is concerned, even after
umpty-zip years of marriage, he still refuses
to tell me his full maiden name.

What shall I do?

Sue

SOLUTION TO NSA-CROSTIC NO. 23
(CRYPTOLOG, March 1979, by A.J.S.)

I I 'TTell Me I'm Just a]

Sinobibliophobe!", CRYPTOLOG , July 1978

"If any significant number of those
worker-peasant-soldier students self-
studied their way through that [Chinese
mathematics] textbook, the present tech-
nological advantage of the United States
(and of the USSR) might not remain so
overwhelming all through the foreseeable
future. "

NEW EMPLOYEE?

JUST BEEN TRANSFERRED??

JUST BEEN REORGANIZED???

To start a new subscription
to CRYPTOLOG, or to change your
address on an old one, call the
CRYPTOLOG office. The phone is
3957s.

P.L. 86-36

April 79 * CRYPTOLOG * Page 16

UNCLASSIFIED

DOCID: 4036132

I & foam QrJ hKHiM AiD<

CIT)

BOOKBREAKING BRIEFS 00

(C - CCO) NCS FELLOWSHIP . The National Cryptologic School is announcing
a Cryptologic Education Fellowship to update the course in code reconstruc-
tion and to teach it the first time. The present course is based on codes
and techniques — and administrative philosophy — that were current in the
i early 1950s, but updated from time to time since then. Now an overhaul is

needed to integrate these piecemeal updates; de- l

velopments in computer technology and changes in . L . 8 6-3

target codes compel it. The new course, like the -

present one, will allow for guest lecturers to

address the class on specialized topics. The se- f \

lectee will work with member (s) of the Analysis, \

Design, and Development Department to insure that the course incorporates, where feasible,
the latest techniques in instructional technology. The Cryptanalysis Division offers assist-
ance on content. The facilities of the Bookbreakers 1 Forum will be available to the selectee.
Applicants should be experienced bookbreakers conversant with modem bookbreaking techniques
and knowledgeable in the theory and principles of code reconstructio n. Application s should
be submitted through channels to M02. For further information, call| Chief,

E42, 8025s.

| Is there a better way? If you know of one, or have such a

problem, come to a workshop meeting of the Forum on Tuesday, 24 April at
0950 . in Room 2C078, If you'd like to talk about the problem in advance,
calif Ion 5236s or 5642s.

CLARIFICATION (U)

Classified SECRET [I VC CO in entirety

The January 1979 issue of CRYPTO LOG carried an article in the Classification Corner con-
cerning classifications of references to Second and Third Parties. One point made in the
article apparently needs clarification, since we have received several inquiries Concerning
its intent and meaning.

The article stated that "references to 'Second Party 1 or 'Third Party 1 which are made in
a COMSEC context, whether stated or implied," are unclassified. The intention was that the
term second party (not the specific country) would be unclassified when so referenced.

Revealing a COMSEC association between NSA or the U. S. and a specific Second Party
country or organization without amplification is classified as follows: 'j?q 4 (c)

with GCHQ or the UK: Unclassified p ^ * 86-36

with CSE or Canada: Unclassified

When classif ying a Second Party relationship, be mindful of the fact that the minimum
classification of T

April 79 * CRYPTOLOG * Page 17

DOCID: 4036132

SECRET

EO 1.4. (c)
PlL. 86-36

Following his talks Mr. Boak answered
questions from the floor. (This portion
is classified GOHriDENTIAIT in entirety.)

Q, What are your views on the extension of
cryptography in the public sector and the
initiatives of the Department of Commerce?

A, Frankly, I'm not overly concerned. I
think some of us may have overreacted to the
surge of activity out there and some of the
publicity we got with respect to it. I think
most of my SIGINT friends now believe that it
is not going to be the end of the world.
Clearly, though, as m6re and more sophisti-
cated knowledge about cryptography is prolif-
erated in public, it is going to make the

SIGINT job harder, and take more people and
other assets to sustain our present level of
success. But the consensus I see is that the
problem is not an insuperable one. ^ ^

The ascendency of the Department of ^jCojn- 86-36
merce in this field resulted from a presi-
dential directive which established two Exec-
utive Agents in the government for telecommu-
nications protection: one which has to do

with the protection of national security
related information — this is NSA, acting
for the Secretary of Defense, and one for
the protection of information not related to
national security — this is the Department of
Conner ce.

The action element in Commerce is a new
organization, the National Telecommunications
and Information Administration, with whom we
are now in active negotiation on how to share
this load. We have some concerns, of course.

Are they, for example going to create an
independent cryptanalytic organization? Are
they going to do independent R § D in crypto-
graphy? And if so, under what kinds of secu-
rity controls?

Overall, however, we are becoming accli-
mated to one another and the Director is en-
suring that we remain highly cooperative and
supportive of them.

Q, Do you anticipate that the S organization
will establish a viable ELINT security (ELSEQ
program?

A, We have wrestled with that matter for as
long as I've been around. We have not solved
it. For a while, we thought of calling our-
selves "SIGSEC" instead of COMSEC, thus sol-
ving the issue with improved nomenclature.

April 79 * CRYPTOLOG * Page 18

S ECRET

HANDLE VIA COMINT CHANNEL S ONLY

DOCID: 4036132

SE CRET

,/EO 1.4. (c)
P. L. 86-36

But it is true that we have no coherent ELSEC
effort because we have been unable to define
it very well. Yet those definitions are im-
portant in e stablishing roles, missions and
authorities. I

Q, Will NSA establish a national COMSEC
assessment program for equipment other than
that we build ourselves?

A, I hope not. It's a very difficult thing.
If some of the equipment being produced com-
mercially is going to be adopted by elements
of the government, . I believe we must have some
role in its certification or validation. But
I believe the way we go about that, if the
equipment is not to be used for national secu-
rity purposes, will have to be through the
Department of Commerce^ as their new mission
gives them jurisdiction over such applications

We will offer them technical advice and assist-
ance on how good such systems are.

BUT, MR. BOAK, DID YOU EVER TRY
TO GET RID OF ONE IN A HURRY!

•r D.H.W.

B ave Boak has stressed the crypto-
graphic integrity of the cipher
devices produced by S. But there
is another, quite different, aspect
of the superior quality of these machines
which he didn't cover, which I'd like to
touch upon. That is their structural in-
tegrity.

(U > Cipher devices, like most other DoD
equipment designed for use in the field, are
manufactured in accordance with something
called military specifications — milspecs,
for short. One of the features of manu-
facture which milspecs cover is ruggedness.
For example, some items designed for the
Army and the Air Force must be capable of
operating in the severest of climatic con-
ditions, from Saharan to Arctic, while many
items intended for shipboard use by the Navy
must be able to operate under temporary con-
ditions of flooding.

00 On the other hand, cipher equipment,
unlike most other DoD hardware, is classi-
fied. This means that at field locations
where there is a risk of loss for whatever
reason, the station commander and the crypto
custodian must be prepared to destroy the
commcenter gear, often on short notice.

-tej- Now it's readily obvious that milspec-
imposed ruggedness and ease of rapid de-
structability are somewhat at odds. Some-
thing has to give. And the clear winner,
at least as far as two of the most popular
devices in the S inventory are concerned —
the KW-26 and the KG-13— is milspecs.

■W- A few years ago I was involved in the

| From one day to the next

there was no particular hazard, so wtf stayed
on, packing and shipping back much of the
station equipment. But since there was no

EO r. 4 . (c)

April 79 * CRYPTOLOG * Page 19 P.L. 86-36

S ECRET HANDLE VIA COMINT CI1AMMEL0 ONLY

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CONFIDENTIAL

way of predicting what might happen a couple
of days in the future, I got a bit edgy about
the crypto gear. I didn’t want it sitting
around somewhere for days at a time waiting
for pickup by ARFCOS (Armed Forces Courier
Service) or by diplomatic courier. So I
sent a message back to S requesting permission
to destroy the classified portions of this
equipment .

Now they don’t fool around in S. When
it comes to balancing dollar costs against
crypto security;, it’s no contest. Of all the
requests for guidance I sent to NSA during
this period, this one drew the fastest reply:
if you feel there's any risk of loss — destroy.

(U) The first thing that became apparent was
the wisdom of not performing the destruction
indoors. A towering column of thick black
smoke rose straight up hundreds of feet in
the air, while the heat given off caused us
to step further and further back. After a
minute or two I went inside and called the
two other local U. S. installations (the
Consulate General and the Naval Communi-
cations Unit) to advise them that we were
neither under attack, or burning down, that
the smoke column was perfectly routine.

(u) Emergency de-
struction plans en-
vision more than
one t^pe of emer-^ fl
gency , dfepenftng * ■
on urgency. The
most critical is
they ' re-breaking-

down- the- front-door

right-now, which involves destroying everything
in its installed position. Some of our more
adventuresome people wanted to try this, but
since it would have, at the very least, ren-
dered our operations building uninhabitable
for some time (and at worst, burned it to the
ground), we rejected this approach, taking a
more leisurely one.

W All the classified devices were removed
from their racks, carried outdoors, and laid
out on the ground. Next we put a destruction
device on each one. | I

(U) CLA — NCS FOREIGN FILMS FOR SPRING (U)

Thursday, 26 April, 1300 hours: "The Hero's Wife" (Hebrew)

Tuesday, 1 May, 0900 hours: "Italiano Brava Gente" (Italian, German and RusSggn)^ 4

Thursday, 31 May, 0930 hours: "True Friends" (Russian) P.L. 86-36

IN THE FRIEDMAN AUDITORIUM

April 79 * CRYPTOLOG * Page 20

CONFIDENTIAL

Pi-Mar 79-S3-27249